Power quad flat no-lead (PQFN) package in a single shunt inverter circuit

ABSTRACT

A power quad flat no-lead (PQFN) package includes a driver integrated circuit (IC) situated on a leadframe. The PQFN package further includes low-side U-phase, low-side V-phase, and low-side W-phase power switches situated on the leadframe. A logic ground of the leadframe is coupled to a support logic circuit of the driver IC. A power stage ground of the leadframe is coupled to sources of the low-side U-phase, low-side V-phase, and low-side W-phase power switches. The power stage ground can further be coupled to gate drivers of the driver IC.

The present application claims the benefit of and priority to provisional application Ser. No. 61/774,484, filed on Mar. 7, 2013, and entitled “Power Quad Flat No-Lead (PQFN) Package in a Single Shunt Inverter Circuit.” The present application is also a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 13/662,244 filed on Oct. 26, 2012, and entitled “Compact Wirebonded Power Quad Flat No-Lead (PQFN) Package,” which in turn claims priority to application Ser. No. 13/034,519 filed on Feb. 24, 2011, and entitled “Multi-Chip Module (MCM) Power Quad Flat No-Lead (PQFN) Semiconductor Package Utilizing a Leadframe for Electrical Interconnections,” which in turn claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 61/459,527 filed on Dec. 13, 2010, and entitled “Low Cost Leadframe Based High Power Density Full Bridge Power Device.” The present application claims the benefit of and priority to all of the above-identified applications. Moreover, the disclosure and contents of all of the above-identified applications are hereby incorporated fully by reference into the present application.

BACKGROUND

I. Definition

As used herein, the phrase “group III-V” refers to a compound semiconductor including at least one group III element and at least one group V element. By way of example, a group III-V semiconductor may take the form of a III-Nitride semiconductor. “III-Nitride”, or “III-N”, refers to a compound semiconductor that includes nitrogen and at least one group III element such as aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), and boron (B), and including but not limited to any of its alloys, such as aluminum gallium nitride (Al_(x)Ga_((1-x))N), indium gallium nitride (In_(y)Ga_((1-y))N), aluminum indium gallium nitride (Al_(x)In_(y)Ga_((1-x-y))N), gallium arsenide phosphide nitride (GaAs_(a)P_(b)N_((1-a-b))), aluminum indium gallium arsenide phosphide nitride (Al_(x)In_(y)Ga_((1-x-y))As_(a)P_(b)N_((1-a-b))), for example. III-Nitride also refers generally to any polarity including but not limited to Ga-polar, N-polar, semi-polar, or non-polar crystal orientations. A III-Nitride material may also include either the Wurtzitic, Zincblende, or mixed polytypes, and may include single-crystal, monocrystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous structures. Gallium nitride or GaN, as used herein, refers to a III-Nitride compound semiconductor wherein the group III element or elements include some or a substantial amount of gallium, but may also include other group III elements in addition to gallium. A group III-V or a GaN transistor may also refer to a composite high voltage enhancement mode transistor that is formed by connecting the group III-V or the GaN transistor in cascode with a lower voltage group IV transistor.

In addition, as used herein, the phrase “group IV” refers to a semiconductor that includes at least one group IV element such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and carbon (C), and may also include compound semiconductors such as silicon germanium (SiGe) and silicon carbide (SiC), for example. Group IV also refers to semiconductor materials which include more than one layer of group IV elements, or doping of group IV elements to produce strained group IV materials, and may also include group IV based composite substrates such as silicon on insulator (SOI), separation by implantation of oxygen (SIMOX) process substrates, and silicon on sapphire (SOS), for example.

II. Background Art

Packages combining several semiconductor devices can simplify circuit design, reduce costs, and provide greater efficiency and improved performance by keeping related and dependent circuit components in close proximity. Furthermore, these packages can facilitate application integration and greater electrical and thermal performance compared to using separate packaging for components.

Quad flat no-lead (QFN) packages are leadless packages for electrical components, such as power semiconductor devices. The QFN packages can utilize a leadframe and wirebonds for connection to the electrical components housed therein. The QFN packages often have limited complexity and electrical routing can be challenging, particularly for more complex configurations. Thus, QFN packages often have simple configurations and house a small number of electrical components.

SUMMARY

A power quad flat no-lead (PQFN) package in a single shunt inverter circuit, substantially as shown in and/or described in connection with at least one of the figures, and as set forth more completely in the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit of a power quad flat no-lead (PQFN) package.

FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram of a PQFN package in an exemplary single shunt inverter circuit.

FIG. 2A illustrates a top-plan view of a leadframe of an exemplary PQFN package.

FIG. 2B illustrates a top-plan view of an exemplary PQFN package with wirebonds.

FIG. 2C illustrates a bottom-plan view of an exemplary PQFN package.

FIG. 2D illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of an exemplary PQFN package.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description contains specific information pertaining to implementations in the present disclosure. The drawings in the present application and their accompanying detailed description are directed to merely exemplary implementations. Unless noted otherwise, like or corresponding elements among the figures may be indicated by like or corresponding reference numerals. Moreover, the drawings and illustrations in the present application are generally not to scale, and are not intended to correspond to actual relative dimensions.

FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit of power quad flat no-lead (PQFN) package 100. FIG. 1B illustrates a schematic diagram of PQFN package 100 in single shunt inverter circuit 150.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, PQFN package 100 includes driver integrated circuit (IC) 102, U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b. Driver IC 102 includes input logic 162, level shifter 164, undervoltage protection circuit 168, comparator 170, latch 172, gate drivers 174 a, gate drivers 174 b, capacitor CR, and bootstrap diodes D1, D2, and D3.

In single shunt inverter circuit 150 of FIG. 1B, PQFN package 100 is connected to bus voltage source 114, supply voltage source 116, microcontroller 124, motor 126, resistor R1, capacitor C1, bootstrap capacitors CB1, CB2, CB3, and shunt RS. Any of PQFN package 100, microcontroller 124, motor 126, resistor R1, capacitor C1, bootstrap capacitors CB1, CB2, CB3, and shunt RS can be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB). Furthermore, PQFN package 100 can be connected to any of bus voltage source 114, supply voltage source 116, microcontroller 124, motor 126, resistor R1, capacitor C1, bootstrap capacitors CB1, CB2, CB3, and shunt RS through conductive leads on the PCB.

PQFN package 100 also includes VBUS terminal 112 a, VCC terminal 112 b, HIN1 terminal 112 c, HIN2 terminal 112 d, HIN3 terminal 112 e, LIN1 terminal 112 f, LIN2 terminal 112 g, LIN3 terminal 112 h, EN terminal 112 i, FAULT terminal 112 j, RCIN terminal 112 k, IM terminal 112 l, VSS terminal 112 m, VCOM terminal 112 n, SW1 terminal 112 o, SW2 terminal 112 p, SW3 terminal 112 q, VB1 terminal 112 r, VB2 terminal 112 s, and VB3 terminal 112 t, which are collectively referred to as I/O terminals 112.

In PQFN package 100, VBUS terminal 112 a receives VBUS as input from bus voltage source 114. VCC terminal 112 b receives VCC as input to driver IC 102 from supply voltage source 116. HIN1 terminal 112 c, HIN2 terminal 112 d, and HIN3 terminal 112 e receive HIN1, HIN2, and HIN3 respectively as inputs to driver IC 102 from microcontroller 124. LIN1 terminal 112 f, LIN2 terminal 112 g, and LIN3 terminal 112 h receive LIN1, LIN2, and LIN3 respectively as inputs to driver IC 102 from microcontroller 124. EN terminal 112 i receives EN as input to driver IC 102 from microcontroller 124. FAULT terminal 112 j receives FAULT as output from driver IC 102 to microcontroller 124. RCIN terminal 112 k receives RCIN as input to driver IC 102 from resistor R1 and capacitor C1. IM terminal 112 l receives ITRIP as input to driver IC 102 and microcontroller 124 from U-phase power switch 104 b, V-phase power switch 106 b, and W-phase power switch 108 b. VSS terminal 112 m receives VSS as input to driver IC 102 from logic ground G_(VSS). VCOM terminal 112 n receives VCOM as input to driver IC 102, U-phase power switch 104 b, V-phase power switch 106 b, and W-phase power switch 108 b from power stage ground G_(COM). SW1 terminal 112 o receives SW1 from U-phase output node 110 a as output to motor 126. Driver IC 102 also receives SW1 as input from U-phase output node 110 a. SW2 terminal 112 p receives SW2 from V-phase output node 110 b as output to motor 126. Driver IC 102 also receives SW2 as input from V-phase output node 110 b. SW3 terminal 112 q receives SW3 from W-phase output node 110 c as output to motor 126. Driver IC 102 also receives SW3 as input from W-phase output node 110 c. VB1 terminal 112 r receives VB1 as input to driver IC 102 from bootstrap capacitor CB1. VB2 terminal 112 s receives VB2 as input to driver IC 102 from bootstrap capacitor CB2. VB3 terminal 112 t receives VB3 as input to driver IC 102 from bootstrap capacitor CB3.

It will be appreciated that in various implementations, the number, quantity, and location of I/O terminals 112 are different than what is shown. For example, in various implementations, a driver IC that is different than driver IC 102 can be utilized, which can have different capabilities and/or I/O requirements than driver IC 102. This may be reflected in I/O terminals 112 as well as other connections of PQFN package 100. As one specific example, in one implementation, driver IC 102 is instead a functionally integrated IC that incorporates functionality of driver IC 102 and microcontroller 124. Thus, additional I/O terminals 112 may be required for functionality of microcontroller 124, while certain I/O terminals 112, such as FAULT terminal 112 j may not be required.

PQFN package 100 is for a multi-phase power inverter and driver IC 102 can be a high voltage IC (HVIC) for driving U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b, which are in a full bridge configuration. Examples of driver IC 102 include “5^(th) generation” HVICs available from International Rectifier Corporation®. In the present implementation, U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b are vertical conduction power devices, for example, group IV semiconductor power metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (power MOSFETs) such as fast-reverse epitaxial diode field effect transistors (FREDFETs), or group IV semiconductor insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). In other implementations group III-V semiconductor FETs, HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors) and, in particular, GaN FETs and/or HEMTs can be used as power devices in U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b. As defined above, Gallium nitride or GaN, as used herein, refers to a III-Nitride compound semiconductor wherein the group III element or elements include some or a substantial amount of gallium, but may also include other group III elements in addition to gallium. As previously stated, a group III-V or a GaN transistor may also refer to a composite high voltage enhancement mode transistor that is formed by connecting the group III-V or the GaN transistor in cascode with a lower voltage group IV transistor. While PQFN package 100 provides a full bridge power device, alternative implementations can provide other package configurations as required by the particular application.

In PQFN package 100, HIN1, HIN2, and HIN3 are control signals for U-phase power switch 104 a, V-phase power switch 106 a, and W-phase power switch 108 a, which are high side transistors. Input logic 162 receives HIN1, HIN2, and HIN3, which are respectively provided to level shifter 164. In the present implementation, level shifter 164 is a high-voltage level shifter having termination that can sustain, for example, approximately 600 volts. Level shifted versions of HIN1, HIN2, and HIN3 are received by gate drivers 174 a to provide high side gate signals H1, H2, and H3 to U-phase power switch 104 a, V-phase power switch 106 a, and W-phase power switch 108 a, as shown in FIG. 1A. Gate drivers 174 a further receives SW1, SW2, and SW3 from U-phase output node 110 a, V-phase output node 110 b, and W-phase output node 110 c respectively. Driver IC 102 thereby generates high side gate signals H1, H2, and H3 from HIN1, HIN2, and HIN3 respectively.

Similarly, LIN1, LIN2, and LIN3 are control signals for U-phase power switch 104 b, V-phase power switch 106 b, and W-phase power switch 108 b, which are low side transistors. Input logic 162 receives LIN1, LIN2, and LIN3, which are respectively provided to level shifter 166. In the present implementation, level shifter 166 is a low-voltage level shifter, which compensates for differences between logic ground G_(VSS) and power stage ground G_(COM). This can be, for example, approximately one to approximately two volts. Level shifted versions of LIN1, LIN2, and LIN3 are respectively provided to gate drivers 174 b to provide low side gate signals L1, L2, and L3 to U-phase power switch 104 b, V-phase power switch 106 b, and W-phase power switch 108 b, as shown in FIG. 1A. Driver IC 102 thereby generates low side gate signals L1, L2, and L3 from LIN1, LIN2, and LIN3 respectively.

Driver IC 102 can thereby drive switching of U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b using gate drivers 174 a and 174 b to power motor 126, which generates motor current I_(M). In the present implementation, gate drivers 174 a and 174 b are impedance matched to respective ones of U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b. Gate drivers 174 a and 174 b can thereby drive U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b without gate resistors which allows PQFN package 100 to be smaller.

VBUS is a bus voltage from bus voltage source 114, which is coupled to respective drains of U-phase power switch 104 a, V-phase power switch 106 a, and W-phase power switch 108 a. As one example, bus voltage source 114 can be an AC to DC rectifier. The AC can be, as one example, an outlet voltage, such as 230 volts. The DC voltage can be, for example, approximately 300 volts to approximately 400 volts for VBUS.

VCC is a supply voltage for driver IC 102 from supply voltage source 116, which can be, for example, approximately 15 volts. As shown in FIG. 1A, gate drivers 174 b are powered by VCC. In some implementations, supply voltage source 116 generates VCC from VBUS. VB1, VB2, and VB3 are bootstrap voltages for driver IC 102 and are provided by bootstrap capacitors CB1, CB2, and CB3 respectively. Bootstrap capacitors CB1, CB2, and CB3 can be charged, for example, by VCC through bootstrap diodes D1, D2, and D3 respectively. Bootstrap capacitor CB1 is coupled between VB1 terminal 112 r and SW3 terminal 112 q. Bootstrap capacitor CB2 is coupled between VB2 terminal 112 s and SW2 terminal 112 p. Bootstrap capacitor CB3 is coupled between VB3 terminal 112 t and SW1 terminal 112 o.

In the implementation shown, VCC is coupled to undervoltage protection circuit 168. Undervoltage protection circuit 168 detects an undervoltage condition when VCC falls below a threshold voltage, such as approximately 9 volts. VCC notifies input logic 162 of the undervoltage condition to thereby disable switching in driver IC 102. Switching in driver IC 102 can also be altered using EN. EN can be used, by microcontroller 124, to enable switching of driver IC 102. More particularly, driver IC 102 is configured to enable switching of H1, H2, H3, L1, L2, and L3 responsive to EN.

FIG. 1A shows motor current I_(M) provided to driver IC 102 as ITRIP. Driver IC 102 utilizes ITRIP for overcurrent protection. For example, FIG. 1A shows comparator 170 comparing ITRIP to a reference voltage that is generated by capacitor CR. If ITRIP exceeds the reference voltage, comparator 170 triggers latch 172, which indicates an overcurrent condition to microcontroller 124 by providing FAULT to FAULT terminal 112 j. Input logic 162 also receives FAULT to disable switching of driver IC 102. Driver IC 102 utilizes RCIN to automatically reset latch 172 from the overcurrent protection. As shown in FIG. 1B, resistor R1 is coupled between VCC terminal 112 b and RCIN terminal 112 k to charge capacitor C1. Capacitor C1 is coupled between RCIN terminal 112 k and VSS terminal 112 m. Resistor R1 and capacitor C1 can be changed to alter timing of automatic reset for the overcurrent protection.

VSS is a logic ground of a support logic circuit of driver IC 102 from logic ground G_(VSS). As one example, FIG. 1A shows VSS as a logic ground for capacitor CR. VSS is also a logic ground for other components of the support logic circuit, which includes input logic 162, level shifter 164, undervoltage protection circuit 168, comparator 170, latch 172, and capacitor CR, but can include different components. VCOM is a power stage ground of U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b from power stage ground G_(COM). FIG. 1A shows VCOM connected to sources of U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b within package 100. VCOM can also be for driver IC 102. As shown in FIG. 1A, VCOM coupled to gate drivers 174 b of driver IC 102.

A logic ground separate from a power stage ground provided is for in single shunt inverter circuit 150 using shunt RS. Shunt RS is coupled across VSS terminal 112 m and VCOM terminal 112 n. Shunt RS is also coupled to sources of each of U-phase power switch 104 b, V-phase power switch 106 b, and W-phase power switch 108 b through VCOM terminal 112 n. Thus, motor current I_(M) from motor 126, shown in FIG. 1A, is combined phase current from U-phase power switch 104 b, V-phase power switch 106 b, and W-phase power switch 108 b. Motor current I_(M) is provided to microcontroller 124 through IM terminal 112 l. Microcontroller 124 utilizes motor current I_(M) to reconstruct individual phase currents (U, V, and W) to control pulse-width modulation (PWM) by controlling HIN1, HIN2, HIN3, LIN1, LIN2, and LIN3.

Thus, in the present implementation, PQFN package 100 has a logic ground separate from a power stage ground. During switching of U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b, a voltage can develop across shunt RS. By having a logic ground separate from a power stage ground, VCC for the support logic circuit can be made with respect to ground instead of the voltage across shunt RS. Thus, by using separate grounds, PQFN package 100 is protected from latch up and noise malfunction, which otherwise can be caused by excess switching voltages from U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b.

Typical QFN packages have limited complexity with simple configurations and a small number of electrical components. For more complex configurations, it would be difficult to rout wires for connections while avoiding wire crossing and wire shorting. Moreover, long lengths of wiring would adversely affect electrical and thermal performance. However, PQFN packages, in accordance with various implementations of the present disclosure, can be substantially more complex than typical QFN packages while avoiding wire crossing and wire shorting and achieving high electrical and thermal performance. Furthermore, the PQFN packages can achieve a logic ground separate from a power stage ground in single shunt inverter circuit.

Turning to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, FIG. 2A illustrates a top-plan view of a leadframe of PQFN package 200 of FIGS. 2B and 2C. FIG. 2B illustrates a top-plan view of PQFN package 200. FIG. 2C illustrates a bottom-plan view of PQFN package 200. In the present implementation, PQFN package 200 is a multi-chip module (MCM) PQFN package, which can have a footprint of approximately 12 mm by approximately 12 mm. In other implementations, PQFN package 200 can have a footprint of greater than 12 mm by 12 mm. In still other implementations, PQFN package 200 can have a footprint of less than 12 mm by 12 mm.

PQFN package 200 corresponds to PQFN package 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B. For example, PQFN package 200 includes driver IC 202, U-phase power switches 204 a and 204 b, V-phase power switches 206 a and 206 b, and W-phase power switches 208 a and 208 b corresponding respectively to driver IC 102, U-phase power switches 104 a and 104 b, V-phase power switches 106 a and 106 b, and W-phase power switches 108 a and 108 b in FIG. 1A. Furthermore, PQFN package 200 includes VBUS terminal 212 a, VCC terminal 212 b, HIN1 terminal 212 c, HIN2 terminal 212 d, HIN3 terminal 212 e, LIN1 terminal 212 f, LIN2 terminal 212 g, LIN3 terminal 212 h, EN terminal 212 i, FAULT terminal 212 j, RCIN terminal 212 k, IM terminal 212 l, VSS terminal 212 m (also referred to as “logic ground terminal 112 m”), VCOM terminal 212 n (also referred to as “power stage ground terminal 112 n”), SW1 terminal 212 o (also referred to as “U-phase output terminal 212 o”), SW2 terminal 212 p (also referred to as “V-phase output terminal 212 p”), SW3 terminal 212 q (also referred to as “W-phase output terminal 212 q”), VB1 terminal 212 r, VB2 terminal 212 s, and VB3 terminal 212 t (also referred to as “I/O terminals 212”) corresponding respectively to VBUS terminal 112 a, VCC terminal 112 b, HIN1 terminal 112 c, HIN2 terminal 112 d, HIN3 terminal 112 e, LIN1 terminal 112 f, LIN2 terminal 112 g, LIN3 terminal 112 h, EN terminal 112 i, FAULT terminal 112 j, RCIN terminal 112 k, IM terminal 112 l, VSS terminal 112 m, VCOM terminal 112 n, SW1 terminal 112 o, SW2 terminal 112 p, SW3 terminal 112 q, VB1 terminal 112 r, VB2 terminal 112 s, and VB3 terminal 112 t in PQFN package 100.

FIG. 2A shows leadframe 260 including driver IC die pad 220, W-phase die pad 222 a, V-phase die pad 222 b, U-phase die pad 222 c, common die pad 228. Leadframe island 233 is electrically and mechanically connected (e.g. integrally connected) to driver IC die pad 220. Leadframe 260 further includes leadframe strips 230 and 232 and I/O terminals 212. Leadframe island 234 is on leadframe strip 230 of leadframe 260 and leadframe strip 230 is electrically and mechanically connected (e.g. integrally connected) to V-phase die pad 222 b of leadframe 260. Leadframe island 236 is on leadframe strip 232 of leadframe 260 and leadframe strip 232 is electrically and mechanically connected (e.g. integrally connected) to U-phase die pad 222 c of leadframe 260. As shown in FIG. 2B, leadframe strips 230 and 232 can optionally extend to edge 242 c of PQFN package 200. In doing so, any of leadframe strips 230 and 232 can provide, for example, additional I/O terminals for PQFN package 200. For example, leadframe strip 232 is shown as providing an additional SW1 terminal 212 o at edge 242 c of PQFN package 200.

Leadframe 260 can comprise a material with high thermal and electrical conductivity such as copper (Cu) alloy C 194 available from Olin Brass®. Top-side 240 a of leadframe 260 can be selectively plated with materials for enhanced adhesion to device dies and wires. The plating can comprise silver (Ag) plating that is selectively applied to leadframe 260, which is available from companies such as QPL Limited.

FIGS. 2A and 2B show that leadframe 260 is an etched leadframe, such as a half-etched leadframe. Portions of leadframe 260, which are unetched (e.g. not half-etched) are indicated in FIGS. 2A and 2B using dashed lines. Leadframe islands 233, 234, and 236 are examples of such unetched portions. For example, FIG. 2C shows bottom-side 240 b of leadframe 260 (which also corresponds to a bottom-side of PQFN package 200). FIG. 2C further shows mold compound 265 of PQFN package 200, which covers etched portions of leadframe 260. Mold compound 265 can be a plastic that has a low flexural modulus, such as CEL9220ZHF10 (v79) available from Hitachi® Chemical. To provide resilience against package cracking, the height (or thickness) of PQFN package 200 as defined by mold compound 265 may be kept thin, such as 0.9 mm or less.

I/O terminals 212, leadframe island 233, leadframe island 234, and leadframe island 236 are unetched and are exposed through mold compound 265 on bottom-side 240 b of leadframe 260 (which also corresponds to a bottom-side of PQFN package 200). As such, I/O terminals 212, leadframe island 233, leadframe island 234 and leadframe island 236 are exposed on bottom-side 240 b of leadframe 260 for high electrical conductivity and/or thermal dissipation. By providing a (PCB) with matching lands, this feature can optionally be exploited. The exposed areas of leadframe 260 can be plated, for example with Tin (Sn).

Driver IC 202, U-phase power switches 204 a and 204 b, V-phase power switches 206 a and 206 b, and W-phase power switches 208 a and 208 b are interconnected utilizing wirebonds and leadframe 260.

FIG. 2B shows that U-phase power switches 204 a and 204 b, V-phase power switches 206 a and 206 b, W-phase power switches 208 a and 208 b, and driver IC 202 are electrically and mechanically connected to leadframe 260. This can be accomplished utilizing solder or conductive adhesive, such as silver filled QMI 529HT available from Henkel Corporation.

As shown in FIG. 2B, U-phase power switch 204 b, V-phase power switch 206 b, and W-phase power switch 208 b are situated on leadframe 260 along edge 242 a of PQFN package 200. W-phase power switch 208 b is situated on W-phase die pad 222 a. More particularly, drain 236 a of W-phase power switch 208 b is situated on W-phase die pad 222 a. Similarly, V-phase power switch 206 b is situated on V-phase die pad 222 b. More particularly, drain 236 b of V-phase power switch 206 b is situated on V-phase die pad 222 b. Also, U-phase power switch 204 b is situated on U-phase die pad 222 c. More particularly, drain 236 c of U-phase power switch 204 b is situated on U-phase die pad 222 c. Thus, U-phase power switch 204 b, V-phase power switch 206 b, and W-phase power switch 208 b are individually coupled to respective die pads of leadframe 260. As such, W-phase die pad 222 a can correspond to W-phase output terminal 212 q of PQFN package 200, V-phase die pad 222 b can correspond to V-phase output terminal 212 p of PQFN package 200, and U-phase die pad 222 c can correspond to U-phase output terminal 212 o of PQFN package 200, as shown in FIG. 2B.

Also shown in FIG. 2B, U-phase power switch 204 a, V-phase power switch 206 a, and W-phase power switch 208 a are situated on leadframe 260 along edge 242 b of PQFN package 200, which intersects edge 242 a. U-phase power switch 204 a, V-phase power switch 206 a, and W-phase power switch 208 a are situated on common die pad 228. More particularly, drain 236 d of U-phase power switch 204 a, drain 236 e of V-phase power switch 206 a, and drain 236 f of W-phase power switch 208 a are situated on common die pad 228 of leadframe 260. Thus, common die pad 228 can correspond to VBUS terminal 212 a (e.g. a bus voltage input terminal) of PQFN package 200, as shown in FIG. 2B.

An example of this configuration is shown in more detail in FIG. 2D. FIG. 2D illustrates a cross sectional view of a portion of PQFN package 200. The cross sectional view in FIG. 2D corresponds to cross section 2D-2D, of FIGS. 2B and 2C. FIG. 2D shows drain 236 e of V-phase power switch 206 a connected to common die pad 228 through conductive adhesive 254 and plating 248 a of leadframe 260. Conductive adhesive 254 can include silver filled adhesive such as QMI 529HT. Other dies in PQFN package 200 can similarly be connected to leadframe 260.

As shown in FIG. 2B, driver IC 202 is situated on leadframe 260. More particularly, driver IC 202 is situated on driver IC die pad 220 of leadframe 260. Driver IC die pad 220 is larger than driver IC 202 and can therefore accommodate different, larger driver ICs, which may have different features than driver IC 202.

FIG. 2B also shows that wirebonds, such as wirebond 244 a electrically and mechanically connect driver IC 202 to VCC terminal 212 b, HIN1 terminal 212 c, HIN2 terminal 212 d, HIN3 terminal 212 e, LIN1 terminal 212 f, LIN2 terminal 212 g, LIN3 terminal 212 h, EN terminal 212 i, FAULT terminal 212 j, RCIN terminal 212 k, IM terminal 212 l, VSS terminal 212 m, VB1 terminal 212 r, VB2 terminal 212 s, VB3 terminal 212 t, and to respective gates of U-phase power switches 204 a and 204 b, V-phase power switches 206 a and 206 b, and W-phase power switches 208 a and 208 b.

Wirebond 244 a and similarly depicted wirebonds in FIG. 2B can include, for example, 1.3 mil diameter G1 type Gold (Au) wires. Thicker wires can be utilized for power connections, such as wirebonds 246 a, 246 b, 246 c, 246 d, 246 e, and 246 f (also referred to as “wirebonds 246”). Wirebonds 246 can be, for example, 2.0 mil diameter copper (Cu) wires, such as Maxsoft® LD wires available from Kulicke & Soffa®. Wirebonds 246 can be bonded using bond stitch on ball (BSOB) bonding. As shown in FIG. 2B, multiple wirebonds, such as two wirebonds, can be in parallel with wirebonds 246 to for additional current handling.

U-phase power switch 204 b, V-phase power switch 206 b, and W-phase power switch 208 b are coupled respectively to U-phase power switch 204 a, V-phase power switch 206 a, and W-phase power switch 208 a through leadframe 260.

In FIG. 2B, wirebond 246 a electrically and mechanically connects source 238 d of U-phase power switch 204 a to leadframe 260. More particularly, source 238 d is connected via wirebond 246 a to leadframe island 236 of leadframe strip 232. Thus, U-phase output node 110 a of FIG. 1A is situated on leadframe strip 232 of leadframe 260, where leadframe strip 232 is connected to U-phase die pad 222 c of leadframe 260. As such, PQFN package 200 has significant flexibility in arranging wirebond 246 a, and other wirebonds, such as wirebond 244 b, while avoiding wire shorts due to wire crossing and achieving high electrical and thermal performance. Wirebond 244 b electrically and mechanically connects driver IC 202 and leadframe strip 232 of leadframe 260 at leadframe island 236 to provide SW1 to driver IC 202 as shown in FIG. 1A. U-phase output node 110 a of FIG. 1A is also situated on leadframe island 236 of leadframe 260. As leadframe island 236 is exposed on bottom-side 240 b of PQFN package 200 (shown in FIG. 2C), heat generated at U-phase output node 110 a can be effectively dissipated from PQFN package 200.

Similarly, wirebond 246 b electrically and mechanically connects source 238 e of V-phase power switch 206 a to leadframe 260. FIG. 2D illustrates one example of this connection. Source 238 e is connected via wirebond 246 b to leadframe island 234 of leadframe strip 230 through plating 248 b of leadframe 260. Leadframe strip 230 then connects to drain 236 b of V-phase power switch 206 b through V-phase die pad 222 b. A similar connection can be employed for connecting source 238 d to drain 236 c of U-phase power switch 204 b. Wirebond 246 b electrically and mechanically connects source 238 e of V-phase power switch 206 a to leadframe strip 230 at leadframe island 234. Thus, V-phase output node 110 b of FIG. 1A is situated on leadframe strip 230 of leadframe 260, where leadframe strip 230 is connected to V-phase die pad 222 b of leadframe 260. As such, PQFN package 200 has significant flexibility in arranging wirebond 246 b, and other wirebonds, such as wirebond 244 c, while avoiding wire shorts due to wire crossing and achieving high electrical and thermal performance. Wirebond 244 c electrically and mechanically connects driver IC 202 and leadframe strip 230 of leadframe 260 at leadframe island 234 to provide SW2 to driver IC 202 as shown in FIG. 1A. V-phase output node 110 b of FIG. 1A is also situated on leadframe island 234 of leadframe 260. As leadframe island 234 is exposed on bottom-side 240 b of PQFN package 200 (shown in FIG. 2C), heat generated at V-phase output node 110 b can be effectively dissipated from PQFN package 200.

It is noted that PQFN package 200 can include leadframe islands 234 and/or 236 without leadframe strip 230 and/or 232. For example, leadframe island 234 can be connected to V-phase die pad 222 b through a trace on a PCB. It is further noted that PQFN package 200 can include leadframe strip 230 and/or 232 without leadframe islands 234 and/or 236. However, having leadframe strips 230 and 232 with leadframe islands 234 and 236 can offer significant flexibility in arranging wirebonds in PQFN package 200 while achieving high electrical and thermal performance.

In FIG. 2B, wirebond 246 c is electrically and mechanically connecting source 238 f of W-phase power switch 208 a to leadframe 260. More particularly, wirebond 246 b electrically and mechanically connects source 238 f of W-phase power switch 208 a to W-phase die pad 222 a on leadframe 260. Thus, W-phase output node 110 c of FIG. 1A is situated on W-phase die pad 222 a of leadframe 260 with W-phase power switch 208 b. As W-phase power switch 208 b is adjacent to W-phase power switch 208 a, source 238 f of W-phase power switch 208 a can be coupled to drain 236 a of W-phase power switch 208 b while easily avoiding wire shorts due to wire crossing and achieving high electrical and thermal performance. This can be accomplished without utilizing a leadframe strip and/or leadframe island. Thus, PQFN package 200 can be made significantly smaller while avoiding arcing between U-phase output node 110 a, V-phase output node 110 b, and W-phase output node 110 c. For example, an additional leadframe strip and/or leadframe island would require a larger PQFN package 200 to maintain sufficient spacing 252 between leadframe strips 230 and 232 so as to prevent arcing (e.g. at least 1 mm). Furthermore, this configuration does not significantly impact flexibility in arranging wirebonds in PQFN package 200. Also, as W-phase die pad 222 a is exposed on bottom-side 240 b of PQFN package 200 (shown in FIG. 2C), heat generated at W-phase output node 110 c can be effectively dissipated from PQFN package 200. Wirebond 244 d electrically and mechanically connects driver IC 202 and source 238 f to provide SW3 to driver IC 202 as shown in FIG. 1A.

PQFN package 200 includes a logic ground of leadframe 260 coupled to a support logic circuit of driver IC 202. The logic ground of leadframe 260 includes logic ground terminal 212 m. At least wirebond 244 g is electrically and mechanically connecting logic ground terminal 212 m of leadframe 260 to driver IC 202 and more particularly, is connecting logic ground terminal 212 m of leadframe 260 to the support logic of driver IC 202.

PQFN package 200 further includes a power stage ground of leadframe 260 coupled to sources 238 c, 238 b, and 238 a of U-phase power switch 204 b, V-phase power switch 206 b, and W-phase power switch 208 b. The power stage ground of leadframe 260 includes power stage ground terminal 212 n, driver IC die pad 220, and leadframe island 233. In FIG. 2B, at least wirebond 246 d is electrically and mechanically connecting power stage ground terminal 212 n of the power stage ground of leadframe 260 to source 238 a of W-phase power switch 208 b. At least wirebond 246 e is electrically and mechanically connecting source 238 a of W-phase power switch 208 b to source 238 b of V-phase power switch 206 b. Also, at least wirebond 246 f is electrically and mechanically connecting source 238 b of V-phase power switch 206 b to source 238 c of U-phase power switch 204 b. Thus, sources 238 a, 238 b, and 238 c are electrically connected to each other within PQFN package 200.

Also in the present implementation, the power stage ground of leadframe 260 is coupled to gate drivers (e.g. gate drivers 174 b in FIG. 1) of driver IC 202. Wirebonds 244 e and 244 f are connecting source 238 c of U-phase power switch 204 b to the gate drivers of driver IC 202 through leadframe 260. Wirebond 244 e is electrically and mechanically connecting source 238 c of U-phase power switch 204 b to leadframe island 233 of leadframe 260. Wirebond 244 f is electrically and mechanically connecting leadframe island 233 of leadframe 260 to driver IC 202. Connecting source 238 c of U-phase power switch 204 b to driver IC 202 through leadframe 260, offers flexibility in connecting PQFN package 200. However, it is noted that leadframe island 233 is optional and a wirebond may directly connect source 238 c of U-phase power switch 204 b to driver IC 202. Furthermore, in some implementations, driver IC 202 optionally has ground 256, which is situated on driver IC die pad 220 of leadframe 260. Ground 256 can be the power stage ground and/or the logic ground. In the implementation shown, where ground 256 is the power stage ground, wirebond 244 f may be excluded.

Thus, as described above with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 2A through 2D, in accordance with various implementations, PQFN packages, can be substantially more complex than typical QFN packages while avoiding wire crossing and wire shorting and achieving high electrical and thermal performance. In doing so, the PQFN packages can achieve complex circuits, such as a single shunt inverter circuit that has a logic ground separate from a power stage ground.

From the above description it is manifest that various techniques can be used for implementing the concepts described in the present application without departing from the scope of those concepts. Moreover, while the concepts have been described with specific reference to certain implementations, a person of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of those concepts. As such, the described implementations are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. It should also be understood that the present application is not limited to the particular implementations described above, but many rearrangements, modifications, and substitutions are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A power quad flat no-lead (PQFN) package comprising: a driver integrated circuit (IC) situated on a leadframe; U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches situated on said leadframe; a logic ground of said leadframe coupled to an overcurrent protection comparator within said driver IC; a low-voltage level shifter; and a power stage ground of said lead frame coupled to sources of said U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches, and further coupled to gate drivers within said driver IC that in turn are coupled to the low-voltage level shifter that is configured to compensate for a voltage differential between said logic ground and said power stage ground.
 2. The PQFN package of claim 1, comprising at least one wirebond connecting said power stage ground of said lead frame to said source of said W-phase power switch.
 3. The PQFN package of claim 1, comprising at least one wirebond connecting said source of said W-phase power switch to said source of said V-phase power switch.
 4. The PQFN package of claim 1, comprising at least one wirebond connecting said source of said V-phase power switch to said source of said U-phase power switch.
 5. The PQFN package of claim 1, comprising at least one wirebond connecting a power stage ground terminal of said PQFN package to said source of said W-phase power switch.
 6. The PQFN package of claim 1, comprising at least one wirebond connecting a logic ground terminal of said PQFN package to said driver IC.
 7. The PQFN package of claim 1, comprising at least one wirebond connecting said source of said U-phase power switch to said gate drivers within said driver IC through said leadframe.
 8. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches are situated on respective die pads of said leadframe.
 9. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches are coupled respectively to another U-phase, another V-phase, and another W-phase power switches through said leadframe.
 10. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches comprise fast-reverse epitaxial diode field effect transistors (FREDFETs).
 11. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches comprise insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs).
 12. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase power switches comprise group III-V transistors.
 13. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said PQFN package has a footprint of greater than 12 mm by 12 mm.
 14. The PQFN package of claim 1, wherein said PQFN package has a footprint of less than 12 mm by 12 mm. 